The fifth-grade standards place emphasis on number sense with whole numbers, fractions, and decimals. This focus includes concepts of prime and composite numbers, identifying even and odd numbers, and solving problems using order of operations for positive whole numbers. Students will develop proficiency in the use of fractions and decimals to solve practical problems. Students will collect, display, and analyze data in a variety of ways and solve probability problems, using a sample space, a tree diagram, or the Fundamental Counting Principle. Students will also solve problems involving volume, area, and perimeter. Students will be introduced to expressions with a variable. Students will solve problems using strategies including place value and the properties of addition and multiplication. All of these skills assist in the development of the algebraic concepts needed for success in the middle grades. Students will continue to develop more sophisticated ways to communicate and represent their mathematical thinking. Problem solving, reasoning, exploration, and connections are essential components of instruction so that students develop a deep understanding of concepts.